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Courses
Product Management
New
Ace product interviews from strategy cases to technical skills.
Engineering Management
Review key leadership and people management skills.
Software Engineering
Learn essential strategies for coding problems and more.
System Design
Define architectures, interfaces, and databases in a time crunch.
Data Science
Execute statistical techniques and experimentation effectively.
Machine Learning
Review building, evaluating, and deploying AI/ML models.
Data Engineering
Design complex data models and ETL pipelines.
Data Analytics
Translate data into actionable insights and business decisions.
View all courses
Loops
Experiences
Questions
Product Management
Behavioral Questions
Coding Questions
System Design
SQL Questions
Machine Learning
Data Analytics
Data Engineering
Browse all questions
Practice
Coaching
Mock Interviews & Coaching
Practice with our team of senior tech coaches.
Resume Review
Get your resume reviewed by a senior tech recruiter.
Salary Negotiation
Increase your offer with our expert negotiators.
Pricing
More
Job Referrals
Get job referrals to top tech companies.
Blog
Check out our blog on tech interviewing tips, strategies, and more.
Resources
Members-only articles, videos, and interviews.
Work with us
Help us grow the Exponent community.
Perks
Access exclusive member benefits.
For universities
Give your students tech interview prep.
For businesses
Improve your placement rates, outcomes, and more.
For recruiters
Post a job on Exponent's exclusive job board.
Affiliate program
Recommend us to others and earn commission.
Sign up
Log in
Data Engineering Interview Prep
Data Engineer Interviews Introduction
Welcome to Exponent’s Data Engineering Interview Course!
The Data Engineering Interview Loop
Data Engineering in Big Tech
Data Modeling Questions
Overview
Introduction to Data Modeling Questions
How to Answer Data Modeling Questions
Rubric for Data Modeling Questions
Data Modeling Fundamentals
Gathering Business Requirements for Data Modeling
Introduction to Gathering Business Requirements
Recognizing the Core Business Problem
Analyzing Metrics
Analyzing Query Patterns
Defining Latency Requirements
Data Volume & Scalability Considerations
Data Retention Policies & Historical Data Management
Example: Business Requirements Gathering
High-Level Model Diagrams
Creating High-Level Model Diagrams
Evolving Models Based on Changing Requirements
Practice: E-commerce Platform
Practice: Social Media Analytics
Practice: Video Streaming Service
Practice: Ride-sharing Platform
Practice: Cloud Services Platform
Practice: Online Advertising Platform
Dimension Design
Dimension Table Design
Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCDs)
Advanced Dimension Design Techniques
Fact Data Modeling
Transaction Fact Tables
Periodic Snapshot Fact Tables
Accumulating Snapshot Fact Tables
Bridge Tables (Factless Fact Tables)
Performance Optimization for Data Models
Date-Based Partitioning
Indexing Strategies
Aggregates and Materialized Views
Mock Interviews & Practice Questions
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for a Ride-Sharing Service
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Customer Support
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Airbnb
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Stripe
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Instagram
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Amazon
Data Pipeline Design Questions
Overview
Introduction to ETL Design Questions
How to Answer ETL Design Questions
Rubric for ETL Questions
ETL Pipeline Tools & Technologies
ETL vs. ELT
Storage
Data Sources
Data Destinations
Extraction
How to Approach the Data Extraction Stage
Real-Time Data Extraction
High-Volume Batch Extraction
Semi-Structured or Unstructured Data Extraction
High-Quality Data Extraction (Critical Data)
Data Extraction Tips & Takeaways
Transformation
How to Approach the Data Transformation Stage
Real-Time Data Transformation
Batch Data Transformation
Data Cleansing & Enrichment Transformation
Data Transformation Tips & Takeaways
Loading
How to Approach the Data Loading Stage
Real-Time Data Loading
Batch Data Loading
Data Loading into Data Lakes
High-Quality Data Loading (Critical Data)
Data Loading Tips & Takeaways
Performance, Scalability & Fault Tolerance
Performance Optimization Strategies
Scaling an ETL Pipeline
Making your ETL Pipeline Fault-Tolerant
Mock Interviews & Practice Questions
Design a Data Pipeline for Reality Labs
Design Netflix's Clickstream Data Pipeline
Design an ETL Pipeline for a ML Platform for AWS
SQL Interviews
Overview
Introduction to SQL and Its History
How to Answer SQL Interview Questions
Relationships and Relational Database Concepts
Fast Track
How to Prep SQL Interviews Fast
SQL Interview Patterns
SQL Interview Test Questions
Joins & Duplicate Control
Window Functions Essentials
Grouping, Having, Conditional Aggregation & NULL-Safe Metrics
Subqueries & CTEs
Dates & Bucketing
How to Perform in a SQL Interview
Basic SQL Querying
Basic SQL Syntax
The WHERE Clause
Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
Finding similar results with LIKE and Wildcards
Querying Missing Values with IS NULL and IS NOT NULL
Sorting data with ORDER BY
Using LIMIT and OFFSET
IN and BETWEEN
Aggregations
Introduction to SQL Aggregations
GROUP BY and HAVING
Counting with COUNT and COUNT(DISTINCT)
SUM
Calculating Average, Min, and Max with SQL
Conditional values with CASE WHEN ... ELSE
Working with Date and Time: DATE_TRUNC, DATEDIFF, and more
Joins
Joins
Inner Joins
LEFT and RIGHT Joins
Full Outer Joins
Unions
Cross Joins
Subqueries and Derived tables
Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
Window Functions
Introduction to Window Functions
Window functions: RANK and DENSE RANK
Window functions: ROW_NUMBER
Window functions: LAG
Easy Practice Questions
Introduction to SQL Practice Questions
Top Earning Employees
Monthly Post Success Analysis
High Volume Low Success
Tree Node
Marketing Campaign Duration
Find Average Purchase Value
Survey Sampling
Items on Sale
Reddit Users
Lyft Ride Requests
E-commerce: Units Ordered Yesterday
E-commerce: Units Ordered Last Week
E-commerce: Earliest Order by Customer
Medium Practice Questions
Sales by Customer City
Most Recent Transaction
Calculate Test Scores
Project Budgets
Instagram Likes
Employee Earnings
Post Success By Interface
Post Success By Age Group
Find Campaign Purchases
Find Revenue by Department
Find Customers by Department
Find Second Highest Order
Find Conversion Rates
Find Customer Lifetime Value (LTV)
Marketing Channel Attribution
Analyze Monthly Customer Transactions
Sales Report
Monthly Sales Report
Top Customer by Orders
TV Show Watch Time
Nth Ranked Player
Number of Direct Reports
Fraudulent Transactions
EPA Temperature Monitoring
Video Game Matchmaking
Walmart Inventory Status
Unique Chat Conversations
Netflix Genre Ratings
Remove Duplicate Emails
Consecutive Logins
E-commerce: Total Orders by Category
Hard Practice Questions
Total Transaction Volume
Top Salaries by Department
Employee Hierarchy
Post Success After Failure
Find Top Customer by Year
Find Monthly Revenue Growth
Initial Contact Attribution
Ranking Salary Deviations
Game Leaderboard
Amazon Order Status
Duolingo Leaderboards
Validate Bitcoin Transactions
E-commerce: Second Earliest Order
SQL Stored Procedures
Software Engineering Coding Questions
Overview
Tips for Acing Technical Coding Interviews
Bonus: AI-Assisted Coding Round at Meta
Choosing the Right Language for Your Technical Interview
Practice: Move Zeros to End of Array
Practice: Remove Duplicates in String
Practice: Contiguous Subarray Sum
Fast Track
How to Prep for a Coding Interview Fast
Arrays, Two Pointers, Stacks, and Sliding Window
Binary Search, Heaps, and Intervals
Linked Lists, Trees, and Tries
Backtracking, Graphs, and DP
How to Answer Any Coding Interview Question
Time & Space Complexity
Understanding Big O Notation
Analyzing Time Complexity
Analyzing Space Complexity
Optimizing Your Algorithms
Coding Patterns
Introduction to Coding Patterns
Two Pointer
Prefix Sum
Tortoise & Hare
Sliding Window
Two Pass
Bit Manipulation
Cyclic Sort
Arrays
Arrays
Move Zeros to End of Array
Three Sum
Merge Intervals
Group Anagrams
Product of Array Except Self
Copy a Spiral Matrix
Maximum Subarray Sum
Container with Most Water
Task Scheduler
Trap Rain Water
Contiguous Subarray Sum
Hash Tables
Hash Tables
Maximum Profit
Difference of Arrays
Smallest Missing Integer
Two Sum
Boggle Board
Searching & Sorting
Sorting Algorithms
Binary Search
Number Finder
Find the Duplicates
K-Messed Array Sort
Rotations in Circularly Sorted Array
Koko Eating Bananas
Find the Peak Element
String Manipulation
Most Common Words
Valid Palindrome
Validate IP Address
Decrypt Message
Minimum Window Substring
Serialize and Deserialize Strings
Longest Substring Without Repeat
Remove Duplicates in String
Longest Palindromic Substring
Graphs
Graphs
Graph Search
Degrees of Friendship
Sentence Similarity
Number of Islands
Rotting Oranges
Course Schedule
Edit Distance
Redundant Connection
Trees
Trees
Balanced Tree
Diameter of a Tree
Validate Binary Search Tree
Construct Binary Tree
Implement Trie
Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree
Find Largest Smaller BST Key
BST Successor Search
Stacks & Queues
Stacks
Queues
Min Stack
Reverse a Sentence
Valid Parentheses
Daily Temperatures
Shortest Cell Path
Conversion Ratios
Linked Lists
Linked Lists
Reverse Linked List
Linked List Cycle
Merge Sort Doubly Linked List
Merge Linked Lists
LRU Cache
Heaps
Heaps
Find Largest Numbers
Buy and Sell Stock
Find Median from Data Stream
Meta Onsite Coding Round (Kth Largest Element in an Array and Minimum Remove to Make Valid Parentheses)
Recursion & Backtracking
Recursion
Fibonacci Numbers
Generate Parentheses
Subsets
Sales Path
Flatten a Dictionary
Build a Calculator
Permutations
Combination Sum
Implement Promise.all()
Sudoku Solver
Build a Basic Regex Parser
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Programming
Climbing Stairs
Prime Numbers
Knapsack Problem
List the Difference Between Two Strings
Target Sum
Coin Change
Partition Equal Subset Sum
DNA Sequence
Unique Paths
Behavioral Interviews: A Practical Guide for Engineers
Fast Track (Start Here)
Welcome to Behavioral Interviewing for Engineers
Introduction to Engineering Behavioral Interviews
Avoiding Downleveling
Approaching the 3 Question Types
Elevating Your Past Projects
Habits of High-Performing Candidates
Be Seen as a Senior Engineer (Part 1: Mock Interview)
Be Seen as a Senior Engineer (Part 2: Analysis)
Theory
Why Engineers Fail Interviews
The Question Beneath the Question
Measuring Culture Fit
Demonstrating Impact
Introducing Yourself: Do's and Don'ts
"Why Our Company?"
Prevent Instant Rejection
Tactics
Know the Rules So You Can Break Them
Types of Interviewers
Sharing the Optimal Level of Detail
Stop Sounding Like a Robot
Reversing a Downlevel Offer
Mock Interviews & Analyses
Be Seen as a Staff+ Engineer (Part 1)
Be Seen as a Staff+ Engineer (Part 2: Analysis)
Do You Meet the Senior+ Bar? (Part 1)
Do You Meet the Senior+ Bar? (Part 2: Analysis)
Meta Onsite Behavioral Round
Demonstrating Ownership (Part 1)
Demonstrating Ownership (Part 2: Analysis)
Practice
Practice Behavioral Interviews
Unlock full course
Data Engineering Interview Prep
Data Engineer Interviews Introduction
Welcome to Exponent’s Data Engineering Interview Course!
The Data Engineering Interview Loop
Data Engineering in Big Tech
Data Modeling Questions
Overview
Introduction to Data Modeling Questions
How to Answer Data Modeling Questions
Rubric for Data Modeling Questions
Data Modeling Fundamentals
Gathering Business Requirements for Data Modeling
Introduction to Gathering Business Requirements
Recognizing the Core Business Problem
Analyzing Metrics
Analyzing Query Patterns
Defining Latency Requirements
Data Volume & Scalability Considerations
Data Retention Policies & Historical Data Management
Example: Business Requirements Gathering
High-Level Model Diagrams
Creating High-Level Model Diagrams
Evolving Models Based on Changing Requirements
Practice: E-commerce Platform
Practice: Social Media Analytics
Practice: Video Streaming Service
Practice: Ride-sharing Platform
Practice: Cloud Services Platform
Practice: Online Advertising Platform
Dimension Design
Dimension Table Design
Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCDs)
Advanced Dimension Design Techniques
Fact Data Modeling
Transaction Fact Tables
Periodic Snapshot Fact Tables
Accumulating Snapshot Fact Tables
Bridge Tables (Factless Fact Tables)
Performance Optimization for Data Models
Date-Based Partitioning
Indexing Strategies
Aggregates and Materialized Views
Mock Interviews & Practice Questions
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for a Ride-Sharing Service
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Customer Support
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Airbnb
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Stripe
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Instagram
Design a Data Warehouse Schema for Amazon
Data Pipeline Design Questions
Overview
Introduction to ETL Design Questions
How to Answer ETL Design Questions
Rubric for ETL Questions
ETL Pipeline Tools & Technologies
ETL vs. ELT
Storage
Data Sources
Data Destinations
Extraction
How to Approach the Data Extraction Stage
Real-Time Data Extraction
High-Volume Batch Extraction
Semi-Structured or Unstructured Data Extraction
High-Quality Data Extraction (Critical Data)
Data Extraction Tips & Takeaways
Transformation
How to Approach the Data Transformation Stage
Real-Time Data Transformation
Batch Data Transformation
Data Cleansing & Enrichment Transformation
Data Transformation Tips & Takeaways
Loading
How to Approach the Data Loading Stage
Real-Time Data Loading
Batch Data Loading
Data Loading into Data Lakes
High-Quality Data Loading (Critical Data)
Data Loading Tips & Takeaways
Performance, Scalability & Fault Tolerance
Performance Optimization Strategies
Scaling an ETL Pipeline
Making your ETL Pipeline Fault-Tolerant
Mock Interviews & Practice Questions
Design a Data Pipeline for Reality Labs
Design Netflix's Clickstream Data Pipeline
Design an ETL Pipeline for a ML Platform for AWS
SQL Interviews
Overview
Introduction to SQL and Its History
How to Answer SQL Interview Questions
Relationships and Relational Database Concepts
Fast Track
How to Prep SQL Interviews Fast
SQL Interview Patterns
SQL Interview Test Questions
Joins & Duplicate Control
Window Functions Essentials
Grouping, Having, Conditional Aggregation & NULL-Safe Metrics
Subqueries & CTEs
Dates & Bucketing
How to Perform in a SQL Interview
Basic SQL Querying
Basic SQL Syntax
The WHERE Clause
Logical operators: AND, OR, NOT
Finding similar results with LIKE and Wildcards
Querying Missing Values with IS NULL and IS NOT NULL
Sorting data with ORDER BY
Using LIMIT and OFFSET
IN and BETWEEN
Aggregations
Introduction to SQL Aggregations
GROUP BY and HAVING
Counting with COUNT and COUNT(DISTINCT)
SUM
Calculating Average, Min, and Max with SQL
Conditional values with CASE WHEN ... ELSE
Working with Date and Time: DATE_TRUNC, DATEDIFF, and more
Joins
Joins
Inner Joins
LEFT and RIGHT Joins
Full Outer Joins
Unions
Cross Joins
Subqueries and Derived tables
Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
Window Functions
Introduction to Window Functions
Window functions: RANK and DENSE RANK
Window functions: ROW_NUMBER
Window functions: LAG
Easy Practice Questions
Introduction to SQL Practice Questions
Top Earning Employees
Monthly Post Success Analysis
High Volume Low Success
Tree Node
Marketing Campaign Duration
Find Average Purchase Value
Survey Sampling
Items on Sale
Reddit Users
Lyft Ride Requests
E-commerce: Units Ordered Yesterday
E-commerce: Units Ordered Last Week
E-commerce: Earliest Order by Customer
Medium Practice Questions
Sales by Customer City
Most Recent Transaction
Calculate Test Scores
Project Budgets
Instagram Likes
Employee Earnings
Post Success By Interface
Post Success By Age Group
Find Campaign Purchases
Find Revenue by Department
Find Customers by Department
Find Second Highest Order
Find Conversion Rates
Find Customer Lifetime Value (LTV)
Marketing Channel Attribution
Analyze Monthly Customer Transactions
Sales Report
Monthly Sales Report
Top Customer by Orders
TV Show Watch Time
Nth Ranked Player
Number of Direct Reports
Fraudulent Transactions
EPA Temperature Monitoring
Video Game Matchmaking
Walmart Inventory Status
Unique Chat Conversations
Netflix Genre Ratings
Remove Duplicate Emails
Consecutive Logins
E-commerce: Total Orders by Category
Hard Practice Questions
Total Transaction Volume
Top Salaries by Department
Employee Hierarchy
Post Success After Failure
Find Top Customer by Year
Find Monthly Revenue Growth
Initial Contact Attribution
Ranking Salary Deviations
Game Leaderboard
Amazon Order Status
Duolingo Leaderboards
Validate Bitcoin Transactions
E-commerce: Second Earliest Order
SQL Stored Procedures
Software Engineering Coding Questions
Overview
Tips for Acing Technical Coding Interviews
Bonus: AI-Assisted Coding Round at Meta
Choosing the Right Language for Your Technical Interview
Practice: Move Zeros to End of Array
Practice: Remove Duplicates in String
Practice: Contiguous Subarray Sum
Fast Track
How to Prep for a Coding Interview Fast
Arrays, Two Pointers, Stacks, and Sliding Window
Binary Search, Heaps, and Intervals
Linked Lists, Trees, and Tries
Backtracking, Graphs, and DP
How to Answer Any Coding Interview Question
Time & Space Complexity
Understanding Big O Notation
Analyzing Time Complexity
Analyzing Space Complexity
Optimizing Your Algorithms
Coding Patterns
Introduction to Coding Patterns
Two Pointer
Prefix Sum
Tortoise & Hare
Sliding Window
Two Pass
Bit Manipulation
Cyclic Sort
Arrays
Arrays
Move Zeros to End of Array
Three Sum
Merge Intervals
Group Anagrams
Product of Array Except Self
Copy a Spiral Matrix
Maximum Subarray Sum
Container with Most Water
Task Scheduler
Trap Rain Water
Contiguous Subarray Sum
Hash Tables
Hash Tables
Maximum Profit
Difference of Arrays
Smallest Missing Integer
Two Sum
Boggle Board
Searching & Sorting
Sorting Algorithms
Binary Search
Number Finder
Find the Duplicates
K-Messed Array Sort
Rotations in Circularly Sorted Array
Koko Eating Bananas
Find the Peak Element
String Manipulation
Most Common Words
Valid Palindrome
Validate IP Address
Decrypt Message
Minimum Window Substring
Serialize and Deserialize Strings
Longest Substring Without Repeat
Remove Duplicates in String
Longest Palindromic Substring
Graphs
Graphs
Graph Search
Degrees of Friendship
Sentence Similarity
Number of Islands
Rotting Oranges
Course Schedule
Edit Distance
Redundant Connection
Trees
Trees
Balanced Tree
Diameter of a Tree
Validate Binary Search Tree
Construct Binary Tree
Implement Trie
Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree
Find Largest Smaller BST Key
BST Successor Search
Stacks & Queues
Stacks
Queues
Min Stack
Reverse a Sentence
Valid Parentheses
Daily Temperatures
Shortest Cell Path
Conversion Ratios
Linked Lists
Linked Lists
Reverse Linked List
Linked List Cycle
Merge Sort Doubly Linked List
Merge Linked Lists
LRU Cache
Heaps
Heaps
Find Largest Numbers
Buy and Sell Stock
Find Median from Data Stream
Meta Onsite Coding Round (Kth Largest Element in an Array and Minimum Remove to Make Valid Parentheses)
Recursion & Backtracking
Recursion
Fibonacci Numbers
Generate Parentheses
Subsets
Sales Path
Flatten a Dictionary
Build a Calculator
Permutations
Combination Sum
Implement Promise.all()
Sudoku Solver
Build a Basic Regex Parser
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Programming
Climbing Stairs
Prime Numbers
Knapsack Problem
List the Difference Between Two Strings
Target Sum
Coin Change
Partition Equal Subset Sum
DNA Sequence
Unique Paths
Behavioral Interviews: A Practical Guide for Engineers
Fast Track (Start Here)
Welcome to Behavioral Interviewing for Engineers
Introduction to Engineering Behavioral Interviews
Avoiding Downleveling
Approaching the 3 Question Types
Elevating Your Past Projects
Habits of High-Performing Candidates
Be Seen as a Senior Engineer (Part 1: Mock Interview)
Be Seen as a Senior Engineer (Part 2: Analysis)
Theory
Why Engineers Fail Interviews
The Question Beneath the Question
Measuring Culture Fit
Demonstrating Impact
Introducing Yourself: Do's and Don'ts
"Why Our Company?"
Prevent Instant Rejection
Tactics
Know the Rules So You Can Break Them
Types of Interviewers
Sharing the Optimal Level of Detail
Stop Sounding Like a Robot
Reversing a Downlevel Offer
Mock Interviews & Analyses
Be Seen as a Staff+ Engineer (Part 1)
Be Seen as a Staff+ Engineer (Part 2: Analysis)
Do You Meet the Senior+ Bar? (Part 1)
Do You Meet the Senior+ Bar? (Part 2: Analysis)
Meta Onsite Behavioral Round
Demonstrating Ownership (Part 1)
Demonstrating Ownership (Part 2: Analysis)
Practice
Practice Behavioral Interviews
Unlock full course
Courses
Data Engineering Interview Prep
Behavioral Interviews: A Practical Guide for Engineers
Mock Interviews & Analyses
Do You Meet the Senior+ Bar? (Part 2: Analysis)
Premium
The unwritten rules of seniorizing yourself are unveiled in this comprehensive lesson. If you're interested in Netflix or making sure you present to be as senior as you actually are, you can't miss this.
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